The anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone formation are impaired by concurrent use of antiresorptive drugs. We found that the release of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 during osteoclastic bone resorption is inhibited by alendronate. We showed that mouse Sca-1-positive (Sca-1⁺) bone marrow stromal cells are a skeletal stem cell subset, which are recruited to bone remodeling sites by active TGF-β1 in response to bone resorption. Alendronate inhibits the release of active TGF-β1 and the recruitment of Sca-1⁺ skeletal stem cells for the bone formation. The observation was validated in a Tgfb1^−/− mouse model, in which the anabolic effects of PTH on bone formation are diminished. The PTH-stimulated recruitment of injected mouse Sca-1⁺ cells to the resorptive sites was inhibited by alendronate. Thus, inhibition of active TGF-β1 release by alendronate reduces the recruitment of Sca-1⁺ skeletal stem cells and impairs the anabolic action of PTH in bone.